Atmospheric pollution for trace elements in the remote high-altitude atmosphere in central Asia as recorded in snow from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) of the Himalayas

A series of 42 snow samples covering over a one-year period from the fall of 2004 to the summer of 2005 were collected from a 2.1-m snow pit at a high-altitude site on the northeastern slope of Mt. Everest. These samples were analyzed for Al, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi in order to characterize the relative contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources to the fallout of these elements in central Himalayas. Our data were also considered in the context of monsoon versus non-monsoon seasons. The mean concentrations of the majority of the elements were determined to be at the pg g(-1) level with a strong variation in concentration with snow depth. While the mean concentrations of most of the elements were significantly higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, considerable variability in the trace element inputs to the snow was observed during both periods. Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, and Bi displayed high crustal enrichment factors (EF(c)) in most samples, while Cr, Ni, Rb, and Pb show high EF(c) values in some of the samples. Our data indicate that anthropogenic inputs are potentially important for these elements in the remote high-altitude atmosphere in the central Himalayas. The relationship between the EF(c) of each element and the Al concentration indicates that a dominant input of anthropogenic trace elements occurs during both the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, when crustal contribution is relatively minor. Finally, a comparison of the trace element fallout fluxes calculated in our samples with those recently obtained at Mont Blanc, Greenland, and Antarctica provides direct evidence for a geographical gradient of the atmospheric pollution with trace elements on a global scale.     

大尺度线性遗产区域景观特征识别——以北京长城文化带为例

在国家文化公园建设背景下,国家对于大尺度线性遗产所在区域的保护工作日益重视,但对大尺度线性遗产所在的带状区域景观特征识别的研究尚属空白。以北京长城文化带为研究区域,基于景观特征评估(LCA)理论,借助地理信息系统(GIS)技术,围绕长城防御、屯垦和军情3个历史功能,构建由长城边墙、城堡和烽火台组成的文化遗产要素识别框架,探索大尺度线性遗产区域景观特征识别的技术路径和实现手段。在对自然景观要素和文化遗产要素进行分类、融合的基础上形成31种景观特征类型,针对不同的景观特征类型进行关键特征识别,深入研究自然景观与文化遗产的耦合关系及其形成机制,以期对中国的大尺度线性文化遗产区域总体评估和保护利用提供借鉴与参考。     

Trace element concentrations in hair of healthy Chinese centenarians

Trace element concentrations, as indicators of micronutrient status of healthy centenarians, have not been widely analyzed. This study aimed to assess trace element concentrations in the hair of healthy centenarians. The effects of gender and age on element concentrations were also investigated. Eleven trace elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr and Zn) in the scalp hair of 107 healthy Chinese centenarians were examined. The overall reference values (RVs) in mg/kg for the hair concentrations of trace elements in centenarians were as follows: Al, 14.95; Ba, 2.68; Cd, 0.06; Cr, 0.59; Cu, 6.21); Fe, 19.37; Mo, 0.50; Pb, 4.64; Se, 0.37; Sr, 4.84; and Zn, 154.37. Data analysis found that only Cu and Zn concentrations show a normal distribution, and there is no significant difference between males and females in any element except Zn. However, the levels of Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mo, Pb decrease and the levels of Ba, Cu, Se, Sr, Zn increase with age in the centenarian cohort. Results also revealed that sufficient Zn and Se concentrations as well as low exposure to heavy metals pollution contribute to the longevity of centenarians. The results imply the possibility of manipulating trace element concentrations, especially Zn and Se concentrations in tissues, as a means for therapeutic modality in geriatric disease.     

The water quality of the River Thame in the Thames Basin of south/south-eastern England

The water quality of the River Thame, a tributary of the River Thames in the Thames basin, is described in relation to point and diffuse contaminant inputs and runoff from permeable and impermeable bedrock geology with their own characteristic water quality. The data is examined to see if the market town of Aylesbury in the upper part of the catchment influences water quality. Previous studies highlighted the influence of Aylesbury sewage treatment works (STW) on soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the river before and after phosphorus (P) stripping at the STW. Variations in water quality along the river are described and the study indicates that, apart from SRP, water quality determinants seem to be relatively unaffected by Aylesbury. The Thame water quality is compared with other catchment typologies and it is very similar to that of the main stem of the Thames even though the Thames is mainly Chalk groundwater fed. Differences in water quality largely link to the amount of STW effluent within the rivers and to the endmember compositions of the groundwater and near surface water sources.     

Influence of soil properties on trace element availability and plant accumulation in a Mediterranean salt marsh polluted by mining wastes: implications for phytomanagement

The aims of this study were to determine the factors which control metal and As phytoavailability in the different microenvironments (Sand Dunes, Salt Flat, Dry River and Shrubs) present at a Mediterranean salt marsh polluted by mining wastes. We performed a field study following a plot sampling survey. The analyses of soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon contents, etc.), total metal and As concentrations and their phytoavailability assessed with EDTA were related to each microenvironment and the corresponding plant species uptake. The averages of pH and EC were slightly alkaline (pH ≈ 7.5) and saline (≈ 2.2 to 17.1 dS m⁻¹) respectively. The soil samples from the Salt Flat subzone showed the highest metal concentrations (e.g. 51 mg kg⁻¹ Cd, 11,600 mg kg⁻¹ Pb) while for As, the highest concentrations occurred in the Dry River (380 mg kg⁻¹ As). The total metal and EDTA-extractable concentrations occurred as it follows: Salt Flat > Dry River > Degraded Dunes > Shrubs. In relation to plant metal and As accumulation, the highest root concentrations were obtained in the species from the Salt Flat subzone: ~ 17 mg kg⁻¹ As, ~ 620 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, for both, Juncus maritimus and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. However the highest metal and As shoot concentrations occurred in species from the Sand Dunes: ~ 23 mg kg⁻¹ As ~ 270 mg kg⁻¹ Pb for Dittrichia viscosa; ~ 23 mg kg⁻¹ As, ~ 390 mg kg⁻¹ Zn for Crucianella maritima. The occurrence of edaphic gradients including salinity and texture determined the vegetation distribution. However, it cannot be concluded that there was a disturbance due to metal(loid)s soil concentrations in terms of vegetation composition except in the Degraded Dunes and Dry River. The higher EDTA-extractable concentrations were coincidental with the most saline soils but this did not result in higher metal(loid)s plant accumulation.     

海洋平台地基的极限分析与安定性分析

应用以Melan静力型安定定理为基础的弹塑性有限元数值方法，对海洋平台地基进行了变值加载条件下的安定性分析，同时，为便于比较，进行了静力极限分析。通过对海洋平台地基在各种荷载分量共同作用下的安定性分析，得到了地基在不同荷载组合模式下的安定荷载包络图。由此根据海洋结构上外载的可能变化模式可以确定地基的最可能失稳形式，从而评价复杂变值荷载作用下地基的稳定性。     

裂隙岩体非恒定渗流场与弹性应力场动态全耦合分析

为更真实地反映在环境条件变化以及施工过程等因素作用下渗流场和变形场的行为规律，在裂隙岩体介质小变形的假定下，基于不可压缩水流在复杂应力状态作用下的裂隙岩体介质中运动的一般方程，建立两场动态全耦合的有限元数值模拟方法。在耦合分析中采用统一域混合模型模拟渗流场，对弹性变形场的模拟则采用多裂隙岩体介质和离散裂隙介质分别模拟的方法。对建立的耦合模型采用四自由度全耦合法结合有限元数值方法直接求解，对无压流中自由面的处理则采用固定网格法中的改进初流量法。最后针对水库裂隙岸坡算例，进行能模拟水库蓄水加载过程的静态、动态耦合有限元分析，揭示水库蓄水过程中裂隙岸坡位移场和渗流场的基本变化规律。分析结果表明，考虑蓄水过程中渗流的动态效应时，将会使水库岸坡产生较大的差异沉陷，从而对岸坡的稳定性产生不利影响，对于缓慢蓄水过程可以近似作为静态问题处理。     

Optimization of indoor climate conditioning with passive and active methods using GA and CFD

This study aims at the development of an optimal design tool using a genetic algorithm (GA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Random variables (fluctuating outdoor conditions), passive design elements (model variables) and active design elements (HVAC system) were set up to represent a realistic building environment. A combination of designs is determined based on the relationship between fluctuating outdoor conditions and the HVAC system in the optimal design search. Building environment designs should consider both active and passive design elements because the HVAC system keeps adjusting the supply air flow rate until the indoor climate reaches target conditions when outdoor conditions are changing.     

景观设计中的蒙太奇表现

蒙太奇理论对景观设计的指导与推动作用,因其鲜明的实用性和优越性而日益受到重视.通过对若干景观设计作品的分析,探讨了景观设计中的蒙太奇手法表现.同时对比蒙太奇电影风格,归纳了蒙太奇语汇在景观设计实践中的应用.     

基于平衡理论的模拟移动床工艺参数鲁棒寻优

在模拟移动床的实际工作过程中,由于进料浓度和温度变化以及色谱柱填充不一致等因素影响,初始工艺参数作业下的分离性能可能会出现下降。首先对模拟移动床的机理模型进行了分析;然后在色谱分离平衡理论的基础上,使用有限元正交配置法求解模型得到新的工艺参数点;最后以果葡糖浆组分分离为对象,使用所提方法求解有扰动作用时的优化工艺参数,结果显示果糖纯度的合格率从81%提高到99%,证明其具有良好的鲁棒性。